Key takeaways

• Prostate swelling can result from various causes, including infections, inflammation, and lifestyle factors. Bacterial prostatitis is a common trigger, but non-bacterial conditions like chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and autoimmune responses can also lead to swelling.
• Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a key sign of prostate swelling. Frequent urination, weak urine flow, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying are common, while some cases may also involve pelvic pain or discomfort during urination or ejaculation.
• Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing prostate swelling. Age, a history of urinary tract infections (UTIs), prolonged sitting, and high-stress levels can contribute to inflammation or irritation of the prostate gland.
• Seeking medical care is important for ongoing or intense symptoms. If prostate swelling is accompanied by fever, chills, or difficulty urinating, it may indicate a serious condition that requires immediate evaluation. Routine check-ups can also help detect underlying issues early.

Prostate health is a key concern for men as they age, yet it’s often overlooked until symptoms become disruptive. The prostate, a small gland that plays a big role in male reproductive health, can undergo changes that lead to discomfort, urinary issues, and even serious health complications.

Two of the most common conditions affecting the prostate are benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate swelling. BPH, a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate, becomes more common with age—affecting nearly 50% of men between 51-60 and up to 90% of men over 80.

Meanwhile, prostate swelling can occur due to inflammation, irritation, infections, or immune responses. While some cases stem from bacterial infections, others may develop without an obvious infectious cause. Prostatitis, an inflammatory condition often linked to infection or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), is the most common urologic diagnosis in men under 50 and leads to millions of doctor visits each year.

Identifying early warning signs and understanding the triggers of prostate conditions can empower men to take proactive steps toward improving their prostate health.

Understanding prostate conditions: Swollen vs. enlarged prostate

Although BPH and prostate swelling can both cause urinary issues and discomfort, they arise from different causes and affect men in different ways.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

When the prostate gland grows larger due to hormonal changes, particularly fluctuations in testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), it results in a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia. While BPH itself isn’t dangerous, the enlarged prostate can press against the urethra, leading to lower urinary tract symptoms, such as:

• Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia)
• Weak or interrupted urine flow, making it difficult to start or fully empty the bladder
• Urinary urgency, sometimes accompanied by leakage

Since BPH develops gradually, symptoms may start as a mild inconvenience but worsen over time, impacting daily activities and sleep.

Swollen prostate

A swollen prostate can develop for multiple reasons, including inflammation, irritation, immune responses, and lifestyle factors. While infections can lead to sudden swelling, non-bacterial causes may also contribute.

Common symptoms include:

• Pelvic pain that may extend to the lower back or groin
• Painful urination or a burning sensation
• Flu-like symptoms (in acute bacterial cases), including fever and chills
• Discomfort during or after ejaculation
• Urinary symptoms, such as increased frequency, urgency, and difficulty emptying the bladder completely

Unlike BPH, which occurs gradually with age, prostate swelling can develop suddenly or persist over time, depending on the cause. Identifying the underlying reason for swelling is essential for finding the right treatment approach.

What causes a swollen prostate?

Prostate swelling can develop for a variety of reasons. While some cases stem from bacterial infections, others have no clear infectious cause and are linked to chronic inflammation, immune responses, or lifestyle factors.

Bacterial causes

Bacterial infections can trigger inflammation in the prostate, leading to painful symptoms and urinary issues. There are two main types:

• Acute bacterial prostatitis: A sudden and severe infection, often accompanied by high fever, chills, and difficulty urinating. This requires immediate medical attention.
• Chronic bacterial prostatitis: Recurring infections that cause long-term inflammation. Symptoms may come and go, often including pelvic discomfort and persistent urinary issues.

Non-bacterial causes

Not all cases of prostatitis involve bacteria. In many men, swelling occurs without an infection, making it more difficult to diagnose and treat. Common non-bacterial causes include:

• Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS): The most common form of prostatitis, CPPS causes persistent pelvic pain and urinary discomfort without signs of infection.
• Autoimmune responses: In some cases, the immune system mistakenly attacks prostate tissue, leading to ongoing inflammation.

Lifestyle and environmental factors

Certain daily habits and physical conditions can also contribute to prostate inflammation, including:

• Prolonged sitting: Jobs or activities that involve extended periods of sitting can put pressure on the prostate, increasing the risk of inflammation.
• Pelvic injury: Trauma or strain in the pelvic region, such as from cycling or heavy lifting, may trigger swelling.
• Stress and anxiety: Chronic stress can lead to muscle tension in the pelvic floor, exacerbating discomfort and urinary symptoms.

BPH vs. prostate swelling: Who’s at risk?

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing either prostatitis or BPH, though the risks vary depending on the condition.

Risk factors for BPH (enlarged prostate)

BPH is primarily linked to aging and hormonal changes. Nearly all men experience some degree of prostate enlargement as they get older, but certain factors can make symptoms more pronounced.

• Age: Rare in men under 40, but risk increases significantly after 50.
• Hormonal changes: Higher levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) contribute to prostate growth.
• Family history: Men with close relatives who have BPH are more likely to develop it.
• Diet and lifestyle: A diet high in red meat and low in vegetables, along with a sedentary lifestyle, may increase the risk of BPH or worsen symptoms.

Risk factors for prostate swelling

A swollen prostate can result from infections, inflammation, or external factors that irritate the gland. Some causes are medical, while others stem from daily habits and lifestyle choices.

• Bacterial infections: Acute cases cause sudden swelling, fever, and urinary difficulties, while chronic infections lead to persistent inflammation and discomfort.
• Non-bacterial inflammation: Conditions like CPPS and autoimmune responses can trigger swelling without infection.
• Physical strain and injury: Prolonged sitting, cycling, heavy lifting, or pelvic trauma can put pressure on the prostate, leading to irritation.
• Diet and stress: Processed foods, caffeine, alcohol, and chronic stress can worsen inflammation and contribute to urinary discomfort.

Some factors, like age and infections, can’t be avoided, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing stress, and addressing urinary symptoms early can help support prostate health and reduce the risk of ongoing swelling.

Does prostate swelling cause prostate cancer?

Prostate swelling itself does not cause prostate cancer, but some conditions that lead to swelling share similar symptoms with prostate cancer. BPH and prostatitis can cause urinary difficulties, pelvic discomfort, and inflammation, but they are not linked to cancerous growths.

However, because BPH, prostatitis, and prostate cancer can have overlapping symptoms—such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and pelvic pain—it’s important to get evaluated by a doctor. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, digital rectal exam (DRE), or biopsy can help differentiate between non-cancerous conditions and prostate cancer.

Regular screenings and early detection play a key role in maintaining prostate health and identifying any concerning changes before they progress.

When to see a doctor about prostate swelling

Prostate swelling can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild discomfort to serious complications. While some men experience only minor urinary changes, others develop persistent or worsening symptoms that disrupt daily life.

When urinary symptoms become a concern

Mild symptoms, such as occasional frequent urination or a weaker stream, are common as men age. However, certain symptoms signal a need for medical evaluation, including:

• Sudden or severe difficulty urinating, which could indicate urinary retention (a medical emergency)
• Recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to incomplete bladder emptying
• Persistent nocturia that significantly disrupts sleep

Pain that shouldn’t be ignored

BPH usually doesn’t cause pelvic pain, but prostatitis can bring discomfort that extends beyond urinary issues. If you experience any of the following, consult with your healthcare provider immediately:

• Severe pelvic pain that worsens with prolonged sitting
• Pain during urination or ejaculation that persists for more than a few days
• Flu-like symptoms, such as fever and chills, which may indicate acute bacterial prostatitis

Recognizing serious warning signs

Some symptoms require urgent medical attention, including:

• Complete inability to urinate (acute urinary retention)
• High fever with chills, which may signal a serious infection
• Blood in the urine, which could be linked to inflammation or other underlying conditions

Final thoughts: Proactive steps for prostate health

Taking a proactive approach to prostate health can help prevent complications and improve overall well-being. While some risk factors, like age and genetics, can’t be controlled, early detection and lifestyle choices play a significant role in maintaining a healthy prostate.

Why early detection matters

Regular screenings allow for early identification of prostate changes, helping to manage conditions before they worsen. Men experiencing persistent urinary symptoms or discomfort should not delay seeking medical advice.

Lifestyle adjustments for better prostate health

• Eat a balanced diet: Eat plenty of vegetables, healthy fats, and lean proteins while reducing processed foods and excessive red meat.
• Stay active: Regular exercise supports overall health and may reduce prostate-related symptoms.
• Manage stress: Chronic stress can contribute to pelvic muscle tension and worsen discomfort, making relaxation techniques beneficial.

When to consult a doctor

• Discuss symptoms: Even mild urinary issues or pelvic discomfort may indicate an underlying problem.
• Explore screening options: A doctor can recommend PSA tests, urine tests, or a DRE based on individual risk factors.
• Consider preventive measures: Lifestyle changes, dietary improvements, and regular checkups can help manage risks associated with prostate swelling.

By staying informed and taking preventive steps, you can reduce the likelihood of prostate-related complications and maintain better long-term health.

Experiencing symptoms? Take our FREE prostate risk assessment or find a doctor near you.

Key prostate health statistics to know

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

• Global prevalence: In 2021, there were approximately 112.5 million cases of BPH worldwide, a 122% increase from 50.7 million cases in 1990. The condition remains a significant health burden, particularly in aging populations.
• Age-related prevalence: BPH is uncommon in men under 40 but becomes more prevalent with age. About 50% of men aged 51-60 and up to 90% of men over 80 exhibit histological evidence of BPH. ​
• Global estimates: A meta-analysis including 25 countries reported a pooled lifetime prevalence of BPH at 26.2%, with prevalence increasing with age.

Prostatitis

• Lifetime prevalence: Prostatitis affects about 8.2% of men at some point in their lives. ​
• Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): This form of prostatitis, characterized by pelvic pain, urinary issues, and sometimes sexual dysfunction for at least three of the past six months, affects approximately 8-8.2% of men across various age groups and ethnic backgrounds.
• Healthcare visits: Prostatitis is the most common urologic diagnosis in men under 50 and the third most common in men over 50, leading to approximately 2 million outpatient visits annually in the United States. ​

Prostate cancer

• Prevalence: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the United States. In 2025, an estimated 313,780 new cases are expected to be diagnosed.
• Mortality: It is the second-leading cause of cancer death in American men, with about 1 in 44 men dying from the disease. ​
• Global impact: Worldwide, approximately 1.5 million men are diagnosed with prostate cancer annually. The incidence rates vary significantly, from less than 3 per 100,000 men in countries like Yemen and Bhutan to over 100 per 100,000 in regions such as Guadeloupe, Lithuania, and Sweden.