Key takeaways

• BPH—or benign prostatic hyperplasia—and prostate cancer are different conditions, but they can both cause urinary symptoms.
• BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate, whereas prostate cancer involves abnormal cell growth that can spread.
• Symptoms like bone pain or blood in the urine are more indicative of prostate cancer and not typically present with BPH.
• Regular screenings, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests and prostate exams, are essential for early detection, especially for men over 50 or those at higher risk.
• Maintaining prostate health through lifestyle changes and timely medical care can significantly improve long-term well-being.

What is BPH?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, commonly seen in aging men. It occurs when the prostate grows large enough to put pressure on the urethra, leading to urinary difficulties such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and incomplete bladder emptying.

These issues can increase the risk of complications like urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to the bladder not fully emptying, which creates an environment for bacterial growth.

BPH is largely influenced by hormonal changes that occur with age.

Common signs and symptoms of BPH

These BPH symptoms can significantly impact daily life but are generally manageable with medical intervention and lifestyle adjustments.

• Frequent urination, particularly during the night
• Difficulty initiating or stopping urination
• A weak or interrupted urine stream
• Sudden, strong urges to urinate

What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer begins when genetic mutations trigger abnormal cell growth in the prostate. These cells can form tumors and, over time, may invade surrounding tissues or spread to bones and lymph nodes.

To detect prostate cancer early, regular screenings such as PSA tests and digital rectal exams are crucial. These tests improve the chances of successful treatment by identifying the disease before it progresses.

How prostate cancer develops

Prostate cancer begins when genetic mutations cause abnormal cell growth in the prostate. These cells can form tumors and, over time, may invade surrounding tissues or spread to bones and lymph nodes.

Common risk factors for prostate cancer

Several factors can increase a man’s risk of developing prostate cancer. Understanding these can help with early detection and prevention strategies.

• Age: The risk of prostate cancer rises significantly after age 50, with most cases diagnosed in men over this age.
• Family History: Men with a close relative, such as a father or brother, who has had prostate cancer are more likely to develop the disease themselves.
• Genetics: Inherited gene mutations, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, can raise the risk of prostate cancer, particularly for those with a strong family history of cancers.
• Lifestyle: Diets high in processed foods, physical inactivity, and obesity may contribute to a higher risk by affecting hormone levels and overall prostate health.

Key differences between BPH and prostate cancer

Although both BPH and prostate cancer affect the male reproductive system and may cause similar urinary symptoms, they are fundamentally different conditions.

• BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland caused by hormonal changes, leading to urinary difficulties due to urethral pressure.
• Prostate cancer involves abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body if not treated. Recognizing prostate cancer symptoms early, such as blood in the urine or persistent bone pain, can improve treatment outcomes.

BPH vs prostate cancer: Symptoms of prostate problems

Prostate problems, such as BPH and prostate cancer, can share similar urinary symptoms, but each condition also presents unique signs that can guide diagnosis.

Shared symptoms

Both BPH and prostate cancer may cause:

• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak or interrupted urine stream
• Urgent or painful need to urinate

Symptoms unique to BPH

BPH typically leads to an enlarged prostate gland, which presses against the bladder and urethra, causing increased urinary issues but no other serious complications.

Symptoms unique to prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is often symptomless in its early stages, making regular screenings crucial for early detection. In advanced stages, symptoms may include:

• Persistent pain in the bones or the lower back
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis and testing

Accurate diagnosis is essential to distinguish between BPH and prostate cancer. Doctors use several diagnostic procedures to assess prostate health.

• Digital rectal exam (DRE): The doctor manually examines the prostate by inserting a gloved finger into the rectum to check for abnormalities, such as lumps or hard areas.
• PSA test: This blood test measures PSA levels. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate problems, such as BPH, prostate cancer, or prostatitis.
• Imaging and biopsy: Imaging techniques, such as MRI or ultrasound, provide a clearer view of the prostate and surrounding tissues. If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed to collect and analyze prostate tissue for cancerous cells.

Differentiating between BPH and prostate cancer

• BPH typically results in a uniformly enlarged prostate without hard nodules. PSA levels may be elevated but not as significantly as with cancer.
• Prostate cancer may present as irregular lumps or nodules detected during a DRE. Elevated PSA levels accompanied by abnormal biopsy results confirm a cancer diagnosis.

Early and regular testing is critical for effective management and treatment of prostate conditions.

BPH vs prostate cancer: Treatment options

Treatment for prostate problems varies significantly depending on whether the condition is BPH or prostate cancer.

Treatment approaches for BPH

• Medications: Drugs may be prescribed to relax the prostate muscles or reduce the enlarged prostate tissue.
• Lifestyle changes: Modifications like reducing fluid intake before bedtime and avoiding caffeine or alcohol can help manage symptoms.
• Minimally invasive procedures: When symptoms are severe, procedures like prostatic artery embolization (PAE), transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), or laser therapy can remove or shrink excess prostate tissue.

Treatment options for prostate cancer

• Active surveillance: For slow-developing prostate cancer, doctors may closely monitor the condition with regular tests and checkups, delaying treatment unless necessary.
• Surgery: A prostatectomy (removal of the prostate) may be necessary for more aggressive cancers.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation can target cancer cells within the prostate or surrounding areas.
• Hormone therapy: This approach reduces testosterone levels, slowing the growth of cancer cells.

Importance of early detection

Prostate cancer caught in its early stages has a much higher success rate for treatment. Individualized treatment plans ensure that patients receive appropriate care based on the severity and progression of their condition.

Tips for managing prostate health

Maintaining prostate health involves adopting preventative measures and making informed lifestyle choices. These steps can reduce the risk of developing prostate problems and help with early detection of potential issues.

Preventative measures and healthy lifestyle tips

• Maintain a balanced diet: Incorporate plenty of fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats into your meals to support prostate health. These nutrient-rich foods provide essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that may help reduce the risk of prostate problems.
• Stay physically active: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, cycling, or strength training, helps maintain overall well-being. Exercise improves circulation, supports hormone balance, and may lower the risk of prostate issues by promoting a healthy metabolism. Consult your doctor before you start any exercise routine.
• Limit alcohol and caffeine intake: Excessive consumption of alcohol and caffeine can irritate the bladder, leading to more frequent urination and worsened urinary symptoms. Moderation can help reduce these effects and improve urinary comfort.
• Manage weight: Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial, as obesity is linked to an increased risk of prostate problems, including BPH and prostate cancer. A balanced diet combined with regular physical activity can help reduce body fat and lower risk factors.

The importance of regular screenings

Routine prostate screenings become increasingly important after age 50 or earlier for men with high-risk factors such as a family history of prostate cancer. Screenings, including PSA tests and digital rectal exams, can help detect BPH and prostate cancer in their early stages, improving the chances of effective treatment.

By staying proactive about prostate health, men can reduce the risk of serious complications and improve their long-term quality of life.

The bottom line

While BPH and prostate cancer both affect the prostate gland and may share similar symptoms, they are distinct conditions with different causes and treatments. BPH is non-cancerous and primarily leads to urinary difficulties, whereas prostate cancer involves abnormal cell growth that can spread if left untreated.

Recognizing the differences in symptoms—such as bone pain and blood in the urine for prostate cancer—is key to early detection. Regular screenings, especially for men over 50, combined with a healthy lifestyle, can help catch problems early and support long-term prostate health.

Staying informed and proactive about prostate care can make all the difference. Visit My Prostate Clinic for a free prostate risk assessment or to find a healthcare provider near you.

BPH vs prostate cancer: Frequently asked questions

Can BPH lead to prostate cancer?

No, benign prostatic hyperplasia—or BPH—does not lead to prostate cancer. BPH and prostate cancer are separate conditions with different causes. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that occurs due to hormonal changes and aging. In contrast, prostate cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body.

However, both conditions can coexist, meaning that a man with BPH can also develop prostate cancer. Since both conditions may present similar urinary symptoms, regular screenings like PSA tests and digital rectal exams are essential to distinguish between the two and ensure early detection of any serious issues.

What are the 5 early warning signs of prostate cancer?

In its early stages, prostate cancer often shows no symptoms. However, when symptoms do appear, they may include:

1. Difficulty starting or maintaining a steady urine stream
2. Blood in the urine or semen
3. Frequent urination, especially at night
4. Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area, lower back, or hips
5. Unexplained weight loss or fatigue

These signs warrant immediate medical attention, as early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes.

What are the 5 warning signs of BPH?

BPH can cause a range of urinary symptoms due to prostate enlargement, including:

1. Frequent need to urinate, particularly at night (nocturia)
2. Difficulty starting urination despite the urge
3. Weak or interrupted urine stream
4. Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
5. Sudden, urgent need to urinate

These symptoms may worsen over time, so early management can help improve quality of life.

What is the best treatment for BPH symptoms?

Treatment for BPH depends on the severity of symptoms. Common options include:

• Medications: Alpha-blockers relax prostate muscles to improve urine flow, while 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors shrink the prostate over time.
• Lifestyle changes: Reducing fluid intake in the evening and avoiding caffeine or alcohol can ease symptoms.
• Minimally invasive procedures: Options like prostatic artery embolization (PAE), transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), or laser therapy may be recommended for severe cases. PAE is a non-surgical procedure that reduces blood flow to the enlarged prostate tissue, causing it to shrink and alleviate urinary symptoms. These procedures are typically suggested when medication and lifestyle changes are not sufficient to manage symptoms.

A doctor will recommend the best course of action based on the individual’s symptoms and overall health.